Implications of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and lactation
Main Article Content
Abstract
Vitamin D has been a hot topic in the medical world for the last decade. The classical and non‑classical pathways of this hormone affect calcium metabolism, the immune system, cell proliferation and differentiation, infection. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among pregnant women is frequent in many populations over the world. Research indicates that the adequate vitamin D level in pregnancy is optimal for maternal, fetal, and child health. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in Ukraine. There are few data from Ukraine about the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in pregnancy and in the newborn. Adverse health outcomes during pregnancy are preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and caesarean section. Consequences in newborns are low birth weight, neonatal rickets, risk of neonatal hypocalcemia, asthma, and/or type 1 diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is the origin of a host of future perils for a child, especially it affects the neurodevelopment and immune system. Some of this damage caused by maternal vitamin D deficiency gets evident after 3–5 years. Therefore, the prevention of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women is essential. The currently recommended supplementation amount of vitamin D is not sufficient to maintain a value of 25(OH)D above 30 ng/ml during pregnancy. Studies are underway to establish the recommended daily doses of vitamin D in pregnant women. Clearly, further investigation is required to study the effects of vitamin D, vitamin D supplementation for improvement in human health generally and mothers and children specifically. This review discusses vitamin D metabolism, dietary requirements and recommendations, and implications of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and lactation.
Article Details
How to Cite
Korytko, O. “Implications of Vitamin D Deficiency During Pregnancy and Lactation”. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine), vol. 16, no. 7, Mar. 2021, pp. 551-5, doi:10.22141/2224-0721.16.7.2020.219009.
Issue
Section
Literature Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our edition uses the copyright terms of Creative Commons for open access journals.
Authors, who are published in this journal, agree with the following terms:
- The authors retain rights for authorship of their article and grant to the edition the right of first publication of the article on a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows others to freely distribute the published article, with the obligatory reference to the authors of original works and original publication in this journal.
- Directing the article for the publication to the editorial board (publisher), the author agrees with transmitting of rights for the protection and using the article, including parts of the article, which are protected by the copyrights, such as the author’s photo, pictures, charts, tables, etc., including the reproduction in the media and the Internet; for distributing; for the translation of the manuscript in all languages; for export and import of the publications copies of the writers’ article to spread, bringing to the general information.
- The rights mentioned above authors transfer to the edition (publisher) for the unlimited period of validity and on the territory of all countries of the world.
- The authors guarantee that they have exclusive rights for using of the article, which they have sent to the edition (publisher). The edition (the publisher) is not responsible for the violation of given guarantees by the authors to the third parties.
- The authors have the right to conclude separate supplement agreements that relate to non-exclusive distribution of their article in the form in which it had been published in the journal (for example, to upload the work to the online storage of the journal or publish it as part of a monograph), provided that the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal is included.
- The policy of the journal permits and encourages the publication of the article in the Internet (in institutional repository or on a personal website) by the authors, because it contributes to productive scientific discussion and a positive effect on efficiency and dynamics of the citation of the article.
References